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Generative AI

Document Intelligence & Summarization

A retrieval-augmented GenAI assistant that lets lawyers ask questions of dense legal documents and get instant, source-grounded answers and summaries.

Client
Top legal firm
Discipline
Generative AI
Engagement
Scoped GenAI project
RAG-grounded
every answer traces back to a specific clause
Dense documents
built for legal text, not generic chat
Scoped GenAI
delivered as a focused project

Context

Lawyers at a leading firm spent hours reading, cross-referencing, and summarizing long, dense legal and regulatory documents — high-value expertise spent on low-leverage reading.

The challenge

The firm wanted to extract, summarize, and reason over large document sets in natural language, without sacrificing accuracy or confidentiality. Generic chatbots were a non-starter: answers had to be grounded in the actual documents and traceable to their source.

Our approach

Reliable extraction first

We built an extraction pipeline to parse large, complex documents into clean, structured text — the foundation that determines how good every downstream answer can be.

Retrieval-augmented generation

Document content is embedded into a vector store, so the LLM answers from the relevant passages of the actual documents (RAG) rather than from its training data — keeping responses grounded and citable.

A secure, lawyerly interface

A chat interface supports natural-language Q&A and summarization, with security and access controls built in from the start to meet confidentiality requirements.

QueryLawyer's questionRetrieveStructure-aware chunksGenerateGrounded answerCiteClause-level sourceVector StoreClause-level embeddings
A structure-aware RAG loop: queries retrieve clause-level chunks, generate grounded answers, and cite the originating clause

Architecture

Structure-aware chunking, not fixed-size windows

The single most important architectural decision in this project was how documents get chunked for retrieval. Legal documents have meaningful structure — sections, clauses, defined terms, exceptions that modify a preceding clause — and naive fixed-size chunking regularly splits a clause from the exception that changes its meaning, producing retrieval results that look relevant but are missing the qualifying context. The chunking pipeline parses document structure (sections, sub-clauses, cross-references to defined terms) and chunks along those boundaries, keeping a clause and its directly relevant modifiers together even when that means variable chunk sizes.

A retrieval pipeline built for verifiability

Retrieved chunks are embedded into a vector store, and the retrieval step over-fetches slightly and re-ranks based on structural relevance (is this chunk from the same section as the top match, does it reference a defined term used in the query) before passing context to the generation step. Every answer the system produces is grounded with explicit source attribution — which document, which section, which clause — so a lawyer reviewing the answer can verify it against the source rather than trusting the model's summary at face value. This attribution requirement shaped the chunking and retrieval design from the start, not as an afterthought.

A chat interface designed for legal review workflows, not general chat

The interface lets lawyers ask natural-language questions across a document set and get answers with inline citations to source clauses, as well as request summaries of specific sections or documents. Summaries are generated with the same source-attribution requirement — a summary of an indemnification clause links back to the clause itself. The interface was deliberately kept narrow in scope (Q&A and summarisation over a defined document set) rather than a general-purpose chat assistant, because the verifiability requirements that make this useful for legal work don't transfer to open-ended conversation.

What we built

  • A structure-aware document chunking pipeline preserving clause/exception relationships
  • A vector store and RAG retrieval pipeline with structural re-ranking
  • Source-attributed answer generation (document, section, clause level)
  • A chat interface for natural-language Q&A over legal document sets
  • Section- and document-level summarisation with citations

Technology stack

Generative AI
RAG pipelineLLM-based Q&A and summarisationSource attribution / citation generation
Data
Structure-aware document parsing & chunkingVector store / embeddingsDocument ingestion pipeline
Engineering
PythonRetrieval re-ranking logic
Delivery
Chat interface for legal reviewCitation-linked summaries

Results & impact

Lawyers could ask a question and get an instant, source-grounded answer or summary from documents that previously took hours to work through — keeping expert time on judgement and advice rather than reading.

  • Lawyers can ask natural-language questions across dense document sets and get answers grounded in specific clauses, rather than manually searching through documents for relevant provisions.
  • The structure-aware chunking meant retrieved context preserved the relationship between clauses and their exceptions — avoiding the 'technically retrieved the right clause but missed the part that changes its meaning' failure mode common in naive RAG.
  • Source attribution at the clause level meant the tool fit into existing legal review workflows — answers are a starting point for verification, not a replacement for the lawyer's judgement, which mattered for adoption in a profession where unverifiable AI output is a non-starter.
  • As a scoped GenAI project, the narrow focus on Q&A and summarisation over a defined document set kept the verifiability guarantees intact — exactly the trade-off that made the tool trustworthy enough to use.

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